The 28th Infantry Division ("Keystone"^[1]) is a unit of the Army National Guard and is the oldest division-sized unit in the armed forces of the United States.^[2][3] The division was officially established in 1879 and was later redesignated as the 28th Division in 1917, after the entry of America into the First World War. It continues its service today as part of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.

It is nicknamed the "Keystone Division," as it was formed from units of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard; Pennsylvania is known as the "Keystone State". It was also nicknamed the "Bloody Bucket" division by German forces during the Second World War due to its red insignia. The 28th is the first Army National Guard division to field the Stryker infantry fighting vehicle, as part of the Army's reorganization in the first decade of the 2000s.

History

The lineage attributed to the Headquarters, Division of the National Guard of Pennsylvania dates to 1879. It was organized 12 March 1879—1879 to 20/30 March 1879 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as Headquarters, Division of the National Guard of Pennsylvania.

From 11–18 August 1894,^[4] Camp Samuel W. Crawford^[5] was the "Division Encampment at Gettysburg".^[6]

World War I

The 28th Division traces its history from the briefly active 7th Division. Headquarters, 7th Division was mustered into federal service 29 June 1916 at Mount Gretna for service in the Punitive Expedition. It was mustered out 23 February 1917 at Philadelphia. The 7th Division was drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. It was redesignated 1 September 1917 as Headquarters, 28th Division.

Its initial organization included the 55th Infantry Brigade (109th and 110th Infantry Regiments) and the 56th Infantry Brigade (111th and 112th Infantry Regiments).^[7] Other units included the 107th, 108th, 109th and 229th Field Artillery Battalions and the 103rd Engineer Combat Battalion. During World War I it was involved in the Meuse-Argonne, Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marne, Oise-Aisne, and Ypres-Lys (FA) operations. During the war it took a total of 14,139 casualties (KIA-2,165 ; WIA-11,974). An honor battalion of Pennsylvania National Guardsmen of the "Iron Division" (These are not soldiers, these are iron men. Gen. Pershing) dedicated the Pennsylvania World War Memorial in Argonne, France, in 1928.[2]

Bridge at Fismes .

The division was inactivated in Spring 1919.

Interwar period

World War II

Combat chronicle

28th ID troops during the Battle of the Bulge

Private Eddie Slovik, the only U.S. soldier executed for desertion during World War II, was a member of the 28th Division.

Assignments in the ETO

Post World War II service

After being inactivated as part of the Army on 13 December 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the 28th Infantry Division was reorganized on 20 November 1946 and returned to the Pennsylvania Army National Guard at Harrisburg. Following the outbreak of the Korean War, it was recalled to active duty. The Division re-opened the mothballed Camp Atterbury, Indiana and remained there from 13 September 1950 to 23 November 1951. It was sent to Germany to augment NATO forces in Germany. It was released from active federal service 15 June 1954 and reverted to state control, federal recognition concurrently withdrawn from HHC, 28th Infantry Division (NGUS).

The Division was not mobilized during the Vietnam War, although in 1965 it was selected as one of three divisions in the Army Selective Reserve Force. Nor was it mobilized in force for Operation Desert Storm in 1991; however, the 121st Transportation Company, one of its constituent units, served in Saudi Arabia and volunteers from the Division were deployed overseas, some in the Middle East.

In 1996, after the signing of the Dayton Agreement, some units of the divisional artillery were called up to serve as peacekeeping forces in Bosnia; elements of the 28th served in Bosnia as peacekeepers for several years following this. In 2002, the 28th Division took command of the Northern Brigade Task Force (Task Force Eagle), as part of the NATO peacekeeping mission in Bosnia as part of SFOR 12. The leading combat arms units under the 28th while in Bosnia were the 109th Infantry and the 104th Cavalry. The division was the third reserve component division headquarters to take on this role in Bosnia (previously the Army National Guard's 49th and 29th Divisions had commanded Task Force Eagle).

In 2003, the 28th Division again led the NATO peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of KFOR 5A for a 9-month rotation. The 28th was the first reserve component division headquarters to take on this role in Kosovo. Later in 2005, elements of the 28th Division would again return to Kosovo as part of KFOR 6B, the first year-long rotation by U.S. troops to the region.

During the "Global War on Terror" following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the US the Keystone Division has provided troops for Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle and – most significantly – several thousand troops for Operation Iraqi Freedom. Company A, 28th Signal Battalion deployed to Iraq in February 2004. The 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor and 1st Battalion, 107th Field Artillery deployed to Iraq in January 2004. The division's 2nd Brigade Combat Team deployed to Iraq for a year-long rotation in July 2005. Elements of the division would again return in 2006 and revolving deployments to Iraq seem likely in the future. The 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) deployed in 2008 to Iraq. The Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division deployed to Iraq in May 2009.^[9]

Operation Iraqi Freedom

1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment

In September 2001, the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment, was transferred from the 37th Brigade, 38th Infantry Division ("Cyclone") (Indiana Army National Guard) to the 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division with its headquarters remaining in Stow, Ohio. With its return to the 28th Infantry Division the 1–107th CAV provided many of the first soldiers to wear the Bloody Bucket in combat since World War II. In October 2003, B and C Companies, and elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Company A, of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry were activated at their home stations and traveled to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Stewart, Georgia, for five months of mobilization training. There they were then attached to the 1st Battalion, 150th Armor (West Virginia Army National Guard), the 1st Battalion, 252nd Armor (North Carolina Army National Guard), and Troop E, 196th Cavalry (North Carolina Army National Guard) respectively, for deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom II with North Carolina's 30th Brigade Combat Team under the 1st Infantry Division. These elements of the 1st Battalion operated in Iraq from February to December 2004, serving in Kirkush, Tuz Khurmatu, Jalawla, and Baghdad. They participated in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance campaigns and returned home in late December 2004.

The Battalion Commander LTC Richard T. Curry and CSM Albert Whatmough along with the remaining companies continued their regular training cycle until October 2004, when the remaining companies of the 1–107th Cavalry were activated for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom III. One element of HHC 1–107th CAV was then deployed to Fort Dix, New Jersey for mobilization training and left for Kuwait in January 2005. The companies operated in Baghdad, Iraq and performed detainee operations at Camps Cropper and Victory with a high profile mission of guarding the deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein while he stood trial. The Headquarters moved to Fort McCoy, Wisconsin and arrived in Kuwait in December 2004 and deployed to Mosul, Iraq in late December. This element included LTC Curry and CSM Whatmough who both deployed with the battalion in 2004–2005 to establish Forward Operating Base (FOB) Endurance which later became known as FOB Q-West Base Complex 30 Kilometers south of Mosul, Iraq. The mission of LTC Curry and his staff were to provide command & control of the base, establish the Base Defense Operations Center, provide life support functions, establish base defense security, conduct combat patrols and build the FOB from the ground up into the largest logistical hub operating in northern Iraq by the end of 2005, a mission that was accomplished prior to their departure.

The FOB Endurance/Q-West Base Complex HQ elements of the 1–107th CAV were attached to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and received the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for their accomplishments. The HHC/A Convoy Security Company conducted operations throughout Iraq logging in thousands of miles with no fatalities and provided excellent security for convoy elements. Elements of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry served within the 1st Cavalry Division, 4th Infantry Division, and 3rd Infantry Division areas of operations as units of the 18th and 42nd MP Brigades. The final elements returned home from Iraq in January 2006 reuniting the battalion. Both HHC/A detachments received the U.S. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service. In September 2007 the 1–107th Cavalry Regiment was transitioned, reorganized and reformed becoming the 1st Battalion 145th Armor and transferred as a separate heavy battalion assigned to the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Ohio National Guard. Its sister unit the 2–107th Cavalry Regiment took its place in the 28th Infantry Division in 2008.

2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry

Assigned to the 28th Infantry Division in September 2008, the 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry (Reconnaissance, Surveillance, Target Acquisition) during the years 2006–2010 deployed at different times Troops A, B, & C in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom conducting various SECFOR and convoy escort missions.

1st Battalion, 107th Field Artillery

In December 2003 the 1st Battalion 107th FA was activated and received Military Police training at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Following a month of training, the soldiers of the 107th where deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The different batteries where dispersed throughout Iraq serving as MPs. The members of the 107th returned home in February 2005. C Battery saw action in Fallujah during Operation Valiant Resolve in the spring campaign. Members of C Battery also saw combat in the area surrounding Camp Anaconda and Abu Ghraib, a military prison. Another contingent provided security for Ambassador Paul Bremer and other high-ranking State Department officials at Coalition HQ.

Members of A Battery with attachments from Headquarters Battery were provisionally renamed Alpha Company 107th Military Police and deployed to Mosul, Iraq. Alpha Company was assigned to I Corps (Task Force Olympia) from Ft Lewis, WA. 1st Platoon, located on LSA Diamondback, finished construction of the military detention facility and continued to run it until re-deployment. 2nd Platoon provided external base security for the detention facility, a quick reaction force for the company and an additional security detachment for top military officials in Iraq including the Task Force Olympia's Commanding General, Deputy Commander, Provost Marshal and various VIPs at Camp Freedom. 3rd Platoon conducted Military Police combat operations with the 3rd SBCT, 2nd Infantry Division, as well as security missions for the Iraqi National Guard, Iraqi police forces, and other coalition provisional governmental organizations in Mosul. Alpha Company also provided logistic support and additional convoy and unit security for separate units with no local higher headquarters including the 330th MP Company (L&O), CID detachment and soldiers from the 3rd platoon of the 293d MP Company which was briefly attached. The Company served from February 2004 to February 2005.

2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor

In January 2004, B and C Companies of the 2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor Regiment were activated and, with attachments from several other Pennsylvania Army National Guard units, reconfigured as military police companies and trained at Ft. Dix for deployment to Iraq. They were designated as companies of the 89th MP Brigade and left for Iraq in March 2004 with days of each other. Once in Iraq, they were assigned to some of the most sensitive missions of OIF II. Three platoons of Bravo Company (1st, 3rd and Headquarters) were attached to the Iraq Survey Group; while 2nd and 4th Platoons served in military police operations, to include area patrols and traffic control points supporting 1st Marine Division out of Camp Fallujah and eventually relocated to the Green Zone/ International Zone as security escorts attached to the U.S.Navy for high-ranking Interim Iraqi government officials. Charlie Company was assigned to the HVD facility at Camp Cropper, with an entire platoon assigned solely to former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The units both redeployed in March 2005.

1st Battalion, 103rd Armor

In June 2004, the 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor was activated at Fort Bliss, Texas and deployed to Iraq in November in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This marked the first deployment of a 28th ID combat battalion to a war zone since World War II. The battalion, now designated as a Task Force (Task Force DRAGOON), was stationed at Forward Operating Base Summerall, near Bayji. Attached initially to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, and then the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, the 800 man TF 1–103rd Armor, commanded by LTC Philip J. Logan, engaged in combat operations for 12 months before redeploying to the United States in November 2005. Thirteen soldiers from TF Dragoon were killed in action during combat operations in Salah Ad Din Province, a heavily Sunni Muslim area in the north part of the "Sunni Triangle".

Iraqi and U.S. Soldiers from the 28th Infantry Division (attached to I Marine Expeditionary Force) search for Iraqi Resistance members and weapons caches in the Jazeera area of Ramadi, 2 June 2006.

Task Force 1–103rd Armor (Dragoons)

2nd Brigade Combat Team

2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division (2/28 BCT) was mobilized in January 2005. 2/28 BCT consisted of approximately 4,000 National Guardsmen from over 30 states and was commanded by COL John L. Gronski. Over 2,000 of the soldiers were from the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. Other states that contributed large units included Vermont, Utah, Michigan, Kentucky, New Jersey and Nebraska. 2/28 BCT conducted its post mobilization training at Camp Shelby, MS. The soldiers were trained in full spectrum operations and received additional equipment.

In May 2005, 2nd Brigade soldiers trained at the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, CA to prepare for their upcoming mission in Iraq due to start in July 2005.

In late June and early July 2005 2nd Brigade soldiers began deploying to the Al-Anbar province and were under the command of the 2nd Marine Division through February 2006 and then were under command of 1st Marine Expeditionary Force Forward through June 2006.

The 2/28 BCT received 'transfer of authority' for its area of operations (AO) in central Al Anbar Province in July 2005. The area of operations was very large, but 2/28 BCT focused operations along the Euphrates River Valley from Ramadi to Al Habanyah, about 35 kilometers to the east. Ramadi was the 2/28 BCT main effort for the following reasons: 1) capital of Al Anbar province and home to the provincial governor and government center 2) large urban area with a population of approximately 400,000 Iraqi citizens 3) Al-Qaeda in Iraq focused on the area. The Ramadi area was known as one of the most violent and dangerous areas in Iraq.

The mission of the 2/28 BCT was to neutralize the insurgency and develop Iraqi Security Forces within the area of operations in order to create stable and secure conditions and allow for self-governance. The BCT conducted counterinsurgency operations to kill or detain insurgents, to locate weapons caches, to detect improvised explosive devices (IEDs), to engage in on-going dialogue with community and government leaders, to recruit, train and integrate Iraqi Army and Iraqi Police, and to conduct civil affairs projects to improve sewer, water, energy, medical and school facilities.

2/28 BCT operations resulted in: 1) Millions of dollars of humanitarian assistance projects were completed 2)Over 3,000 insurgents and terrorists detained or killed 3)Successful referendum election in October 2005 and successful general election in December 2005 4) Approximately 5,000 Iraqi soldiers trained and integrated into all operations. This included transitioning area of operations to Iraqi brigades and battalions. 5)Hundreds of tons of explosives, ammunition, and weapons seized from insurgent caches 6) over 1,000 young men of Ramadi recruited into the Iraqi Police 7) Coalition force and Iraqi Army outposts established and areas controlled that had formerly been insurgent strongholds 8) Over 1,100 roadside bombs discovered before they could be used against civilians, Iraqi government officials, or coalition forces and Iraqi soldiers.

2/28 BCT was awarded the Naval Unit Commendation as part of the I Marine Expeditionary Force (Forward) for the period of 28 February 2006 until transition of authority to 1st Armored Division.

2nd Brigade – OIF Composition

56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team

56th Stryker Brigade soldiers train in Iraq.

The brigade trained at Camp Shelby, Mississippi from 19 September 2008 until November 2008 when it moved to the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) in Fort Polk, Louisiana until December 2008. The brigade continued training at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst in December 2008 and moved to Camp Buehring, Kuwait in the United States Central Command area of operations in January 2009 awaiting movement into Iraq. The 56th SBCT, based out Camp Taji, Iraq, conducted operations in the northern Baghdad Governorate from January to September 2009, before redeploying to Kuwait and returning home at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst.

56th Stryker Brigade – OIF Composition

Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division

Soldiers of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division began mobilization on 29 January 2009 for Operation Iraqi Freedom 09-11. Over 2,000 soldiers from multiple states completed validation training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma before moving to Camp Buehring, Kuwait. Throughout the opening days of May 2009, soldiers flew into multiple Forward Operating Bases across Iraq with the majority of the brigade based out of Tallil, Al Kut, and Basrah.

CAB – OIF Composition

(*** Company C, 3d Battalion (Attack Reconnaissance), 159th Aviation Regiment is a Regular Army unit that was OPCON to the 2d Battalion (General Support), 104th Aviation Regiment during OIF 08-10. They are currently task organized as a part of 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, stationed in Germany.)

Current structure

Structure 28th Infantry Division

As a modular division, the 28th consists of one Infantry Brigade Combat Team, one Heavy Brigade Combat Team, one Stryker Brigade Combat Team and one Combat Aviation Brigade.^[10] The division headquarters exercises Training and Readiness Oversight of the following elements, they cannot be considered organic:^[11]

Division Commanders

Legacy

The 28th Infantry Division was portrayed in the film When Trumpets Fade, a movie about the battle at Huertgen Forest. In the 1919 classic silent film J'accuse the US 28th Division is acknowledged as being in the film.^[15]

28th Infantry Division shrine[edit source | editbeta]

The 28th Division Shrine at the Pennsylvania Military Museum.

A shrine dedicated to the 28th Infantry Division is located on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Military Museum in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania. This site was formerly the estate of Colonel Theodore Davis Boal. In 1916 Boal formed the Boal Troop, the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, State College, a horse-mounted machine gun unit which was accepted as a provisional unit of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. In April 1917, the Boal Troop was reconfigured as an infantry unit, Company A of the 107th Machine Gun Battalion, and deployed to France for service in World War I.

In 1919, soldiers of the Boal Troop returning from the war erected a monument on the Boal Estate dedicated to their fallen comrades. In the 1920s, other units of the 28th began erecting their own memorials, and began to refer to the area as a "shrine". In 1931, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania purchased the site, and in 1969 the Pennsylvania Military Museum was opened. By 1971, memorials to most of the units of the 28th that served in World War I had been erected, and in 1997 a World War II memorial was dedicated at this site.

Members of the 28th Infantry Division have gathered for a memorial service at the shrine every third Sunday in May since 1919. U.S. Route 322, on which the shrine is located, is named the Pennsylvania 28th Division Highway.

Honours

Campaign Participation Credit[edit source | editbeta]

2008

Unit Decorations[edit source | editbeta]

Heraldic items

Shoulder Sleeve Insignia

Blazon[edit source | editbeta]

Distinctive Unit Insignia

1. The device was designed by Benjamin Franklin, who aroused the people of Philadelphia when, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Spaniards threatened that city.[Makes no sense. WotSS 1701–1714. BF born 1706. Was child in Boston during war.]
2. The shield on the device is that of William Penn, while the colors of the wreath, red and white, denote the predominantly English origin of the early settlements.

1. The distinctive unit insignia was originally authorized for the 28th Infantry Division Headquarters; Headquarters Detachment, 28th Division; Headquarters Company, 28th Division; Headquarters Special Troops, 28th Division and Headquarters Detachment Special Troops, 28th Division on 6 February 1929.
2. It was redesignated for the non-color bearing units of the 28th Infantry Division on 10 July 1968.

Lineage

Harrisburg Rifles/First City Zouaves

Medical Department Detachment

Organized and federally recognized 10 February 1922 in the Pennsylvania National Guard at Harrisburg as the Medical Department Detachment, 28th Division Quartermaster Train.

Headquarters Detachment, Pennsylvania Supply Train[edit source | editbeta]

Washington Guards

Company K, 11th infantry Regiment, PAARNG

Weccacoe Fire Company

See also

References

External links

Bibliography

1. American Battle Monuments Commission (1938/1992). American Armies and Battlefields in Europe. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 
2. American Battle Monuments Commission (1944). 28th Division Summary of Operations in the World War. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 
3. Blumenson, Martin (1961). Breakout and Pursuit. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
4. Clyma, Carleton B., Editor (1945). Connecticut Men, 28th—Bloody Bucket—Division, September 1945. Hartford, Connecticut. 
5. Colbaugh, Jack (Editor) (1973). The Bloody Patch: A True Story of the Daring 28th Infantry Division. New York, New York: Vantage Press. 
6. Cole, Hugh M. (1965). The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
7. Curry, Cecil B. (1984). Follow Me and Die. The Destruction of an American Division in World War II. New York, New York: Stein & Day Publishing. 
8. Ent, Uzal W. (1979). The First Century of the 28th Infantry Division. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 
9. Gabel, Christopher R (1991). The U.S. Army GHQ Maneuvers of 1941. United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
10. Gilbert, Eugene (1919). The 28th Division in Fiance. Nancy, France: Berger-Levrault. 
11. Historical and Pictorial Review of the 28th Infantry Division in World War II … Normandy; Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes, Central Europe. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1946. 
12. Historical and Pictorial Review of the 28th Infantry Division in World War II … Normandy; Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes, Central Europe. Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. Reprint;1980. 
13. Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in World War; American Expeditionary Forces; Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Historical Section, Army War College / Government Printing Office. 1931/1988. 
14. Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in World War; American Expeditionary Forces; Divisions. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 1988. 
15. Kahn, E.J., Jr. and, McLemore, H (1945). Fighting Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. 
16. Kahn, E.J., Jr. and, McLemore, H (1980). Fighting Divisions. Washington, D.C.: Zenger Publishing Company. 
17. The `Keystone Division.' A Condensed History of the 28th Infantry Division. National Guardsman. June 1948. pp. 13–14. 
18. Keystone News, Organization Day, 1953 (1953). Keystone Division's 36th Anniversary. Goppingen, Germany. 
19. MacDonald, Charles B, Charles B. (1973). The Last Offensive. United States Army in World War II. Washington, District of Columbia: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
20. MacDonald, Charles B. (1963). The Siegfried Line Campaign. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
21. MacDonald, Charles B.,, and Mathews, Sydney T (1952). Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History/Government Printing Office. 
22. Martin, Edward, compiler (1924). The Twenty-Eighth Division, Pennsylvania Guard in the World War. 5 vols. Norwood, Mass: Washington Press. 
23. Nevitt, Thomas R (October 1948). A Guard Division Trains for M—Day. Washington, D.C.: Army Information Digest. pp. 35–35. 
24. Ohe, John K (Sumner 1978). The Keystone Division in the Great War. Washington, D.C.: Prologue, The Journal of the National Archives. pp. 82–89. 
25. Peterman, I.H. (28 September 1946). They Took the Nazis' Sunday Punch. New York, New York: Saturday Evening Post. pp. 2 Otf. 
26. Pennsylvania in the World War. An Illustrated History of the Twenty-Eighth Division. 2 vols. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: States Publications Society. 1921. 
27. Proctor, Henry George (1919). The Iron Division, National Guard of Pennsylvania in the World War; the Authentic and Comprehensive Narrative of the 28th Division in the World's Greatest War. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: John C. Winston Co. 
28. Short History and Illustrated Roster of the 28th Division. Edward Stern Co. c. 1919. 
29. Smith, Herbert E. (1 January 1934). A. E. F. Divisional Insignia- The Twenty-Eighth Division. Washington, D.C.: Recruiting News. p. 3. 
30. National Guardsman. SRF. (November 1965). pp. 8–16. 
31. The States Pass in Review: Pennsylvania, 28th Infantry (Keystone Division). Washington, D.C.: National Guard. (January 1991). p. 125. 
32. Taylor, Benjamin G. ((August 1954)). Operation Schmidt. Washington, D.C.: Military Review. pp. 30–39. 
33. 28th Infantry Division—Germany, 1953. n.p. 1953. 
34. 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard Summer Encampment, 1956. n.p. 1956. 
35. Twenty-Eighth Infantry Division, United States Army, Camp Atterbury, Indiana, "Roll on 28th," Pictorial Review, 1950–1951. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1951. 
36. Twenty-Eighth Infantry Division, United States Army, Europe, Pictorial Review, 1951–1952. Atlanta, Georgia: Albert Love Enterprises. 1952. 
37. 28th Roll On: The Story of the 28th Infantry Division. Paris, France: G.I. Stories. 1945. 
38. Warner, Frank A. (1919). Journal of Operations, Twenty-Eighth Division A.E.F., 1917-08-05 to 2 November 19180. n.p.